Man : Without (Disabled Person)


Disable Human

Human are born with different races, colors and having various abilities. While some of them are given certain gifts, others are deprived of these gifts and thus are disabled. This is the nature of life; In fact, man’s life is a full record of hardships and tribulations.

 
When deprived with certain disability, a person of a certain ability or gift, the compensation by bestowing upon them other gift, which they excels to others. That is why we see that those people who are deprived of sight, have very sensitive ears that they can hear very low beats or movements around them. They are given excellence in many other abilities to compensate their imperfection.

What counts as a disability

There are rules about disability. The law regards 'disability' as a physical or mental impairment to a person, having substantial and long-term negative effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. A special rule also governs people with cancer, HIV and multiple sclerosis and for people who are blind or partially sighted.
Impairments can include:
a.       sensory impairments, such as sight and hearing, or
b.      mental impairments such as learning disabilities,
c.       dyslexia and mental illness. 
d.      severe disfigurements count as a disability
e.    multiple scleroses and HIV/AIDS are regarded as a disability as soon as they are diagnosed, even before they start to affect your day-to-day activities.
To have a long-term disability means that the disability:
  • has lasted for at least twelve months; or
  • is expected to last for at least twelve months; or
  • is likely to last for the rest of your life, if you are expected to live for less than twelve months.
** Disability has many facets
There are many different types and severities of impairment which lead to disabilities.  Some types of impairment are:
·         visual impairment
·         hearing impairment
·         movement impairment
·         cognitive/language impairment
·         seizure disorders

a.       Visual Impairments
       Visual impairment , from very poor vision, to people who can see light but no shapes, to people who have no perception of light at all.  Low vision is defined
·      Vision between 20/40 and 20/200.  (20/200 means 20 feet just as visible as something at 200 feet to someone with normal 20/20 vision).
·      Legally blind when their visual acuity (sharpness of vision) is 20/200 or worse after correction.
     Blindness can be present at birth, acquired through illness or accident, or associated with aging
b.      Hearing Impairment 
      Hearing impairments are based on the average hearing level on frequencies (pitches) and by decibels (volume) required to hear, and the ability to understand speech. 
     Loudness for normal conversation is 40-60 decibels.  A deaf person when sound must reach at least 90 decibels (5-10 times louder than normal speech) to be heard, and even amplified speech cannot be understood, even with a hearing aid.
     Those aged 65 to 74, 23% have hearing impairments, while almost 40% over age 75 have hearing impairments and will increase with increasing age and in the severity of noise exposure.
     Hearing impairment is due to damage to sensor neural nerves used in hearing (i.e., the problem is in transfer from ear to brain). 
c.    Physical Impairments      
      Physical impairments vary greatly and include 
      a. paralysis (complete or partial), 
      b. severe weakness, 
     c, interference with control, 
     d. missing limbs, and 
     e. speech impairment.  
     Causes include cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, traumatic head injury (includes stroke), injuries or diseases resulting in amputation, or various diseases such as arthritis, ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease), multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy.  
   Spinal Cord Injury. 

    Spinal cord injury can result in paralysis or paresis (weakening).  The extent of paralysis/paresis is determined by how high or low damage and the type of damage to the cord.  Quadriplegia involves all four limbs and is caused by injury to the cervical (upper) region of the spine; paraplegia involves only the lower extremities.  There are 150,000 to 175,000 people with spinal cord injuries in the U.S.
   Head Injury and Stroke. 
     "Head injury" is injuries, including concussion, brain stem injury, closed head injury, cerebral hemorrhage, depressed skull fracture, foreign object (e.g., bullet), anoxia, and post-operative infections.  Like spinal cord injuries, head injury and also stroke often results in paralysis and paresis, but there can be a variety of other effects as well
     Arthritis.
     Arthritis is defined as pain in joints, usually reducing range of motion and causing weakness.  Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease.
     ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease). 
    ALS is a fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the voluntary muscles.  The major symptom is progressive muscle weakness involving the limbs, trunk, breathing muscles, throat and tongue, leading to partial paralysis and severe speech difficulties. 
    Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
    MS is defined as a progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by the destruction of the insulating material covering nerve fibers.  The problems these individuals experience include poor muscle control, weakness and fatigue, difficulty walking, talking, seeing, sensing or grasping objects. 
d.      Cognitive/Language Impairment
    A wide range of impairments including impairments of thinking, memory, language, learning and perception.  Causes include birth defects, head injuries, stroke, diseases and aging-related conditions.  Some commonly known types and causes of cognitive/language impairment are:
   Mental Retardation.  
   A person is considered mentally retarded if they have an IQ below 70 (average IQ is 100) and if they have difficulty functioning independently.  For most, the cause is unknown, although infections, 
   Down's Syndrome, premature birth, birth trauma, or lack of oxygen may all cause retardation.  Those considered mildly retarded (80-85%) have an IQ between 55 and 69 and achieve 4th to 7th grade levels.  They usually function well in the community and can hold down semi-skilled and unskilled jobs.
   Language and Learning Disabilities. 
    Disorders manifested by significant difficulties in listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and calculating/integrating perceptual/cognitive information.  These disorders are presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction. 
               Head Injury and Stroke. 
   This group includes individuals with closed and open head injuries as well as those suffering strokes.  These injuries usually result in physical impairments, cognitive impairments or both. 
               Alzheimer's Disease. 
    A degenerative disease that leads to progressive intellectual decline, confusion and disorientation.  5% of Americans over 65 have Alzheimer's; 20% of those above 80 have it.   
   Dementia. 
   This is a brain disease that results in the progressive loss of mental functions, often beginning with memory, learning, attention and judgment deficits.  The underlying cause is obstruction of blood flow to the brain.  Some kinds of dementia are curable, while others are not.  5% of the population over 65 has severe dementia, with 10% having mild or moderate impairment.  30% of those over 85 are affected.
e.      Seizure Disorders
     Seizures can vary from momentary loss of attention to grand mal seizures which result in the severe loss of motor control and awareness.
Seizures can be triggered in people with photosensitive epilepsy by rapidly flashing light, particularly in the 10-25 hz range.  This can be caused by screen refresh or by rapidly flashing different images on the screen.  The brighter the flash, and the larger the portion of the screen involved, the more significant the visual stimulation. 
f.        Multiple Impairments
     It is all too common to find that whatever caused a single type of impairment also caused others.  This is particularly true where disease or trauma is severe, or in the case of impairments caused by aging.
     Diabetes, which can cause blindness, also often causes loss of sensation in the fingers.  Unfortunately, this makes braille or raised lettering impossible to read.  Cerebral palsy is accompanied by visual impairments in 40% of cases, by hearing and language disorders in 20% of cases, and by cognitive impairments in 60% of cases.  Individuals who have hearing impairments caused by aging also often have visual impairments.
 What does not count as a disability
    The law does not currently count the following as disabilities:
  • addiction to alcohol, nicotine or any other substance not prescribed by a doctor. However, damage to health caused by the addiction may be considered a disability
  • hay fever
  • certain personality disorders (for example exhibitionism, voyeurism or a tendency to steal, set fires, or physically or sexually abuse other people)
  • tattoos and body piercing.
Discrimination
     Discrimination is the prejudicial  or distinguishing treatment to an  individual due to  their actual or membership of a  certain group or category, based on race, gender, sexual orientations, ethnicity, national origin or religion.  
     It involves the group's reaction or interaction: the individual's actual behavior towards the group or the  group leader, restricting the group members from opportunities or privileges that are available to another group. Leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making

Physical
  • Refusing reasonable requests to modify existing facilities to make them physically accessible to persons with disabilities (for example, having accessible washrooms, modifying the height of desks and equipment or installing adaptive technologies such as computer screen magnifiers or TTY devices)
  • Harassing behaviors such as derogatory gestures or physical assault

Verbal

  • Refusing to implement academic accommodations to ensure that students with disabilities have equitable access to course materials and evaluation procedures
  • Treating persons with disabilities as though they are asking for special, not equitable, accommodation
  • Harassing behaviors such as name-calling, mocking or making derogatory comments

Non-verbal

  • Rejecting candidates with disabilities from the pool of applicants for a job on the assumption that they cannot adequately perform the required duties
  • Denying appropriate provisions to persons with medically certified “invisible” disabilities because of a doubt that the disability really exists
  • Considering any facilities made as a favor, not a right

Direct Discrimination

Direct discrimination occurs when a person with a disability is treated less favorably than a person who does not have a disability. This occurs if a person is discriminated against in the following areas:
  • employment;
  • education and training;
  • provision of facilities, goods or services;
  • access to public premises;
  • accommodation;
  • buying land;
  • membership and activities of clubs;
  • the administration of Commonwealth Government laws.

Indirect Discrimination

           Indirect discrimination occurs when people do not consider the needs of people with disabilities because they have little or no knowledge of those needs. Prohibition from or organization that has overlooked the needs of people with. For example, buildings that have steps but no ramp exclude people who use wheelchairs. In situations such as this, the owner of the building may be required to install a ramp, unless it imposes an unjustifiable hardship on the owner.
It is also disability discrimination:
  •  to harass you  if you are disabled, for example, by making jokes about your disability
  •  victimization when you take legal action due  discrimination against you
  • ensure that disabled people can have access to things like goods, facilities and services, a workplace, an educational establishment, an association, or a public building. This is called making reasonable adjustments
  • if someone discriminates against you because of someone you have a connection to who is disabled, such as your partner or child. This is known as discrimination by association.
Psychology
     The venom and hatred directed at those who are deemed to be physically or mentally unworthy is staggering. Euthanization for physically or mentally incapable due to pain by scientists, doctors, simply to rid of the responsibility. Objectified to kill.
     Nurturing and caring parents  who love their disabled children seeing value in their kids, on the other hands, parents who have outcast or seek to “kill” their disabled children simply because they don’t want to deal with them anymore due to financial or physical incapability.
      Family members and even those with no connection seek to end or outcast the lives of those who don’t fit in what would be considered a ‘normal’ life. From autism, to quadriplegia, to MS, to mental disability is targeted. In short, if you are not in the norm, the predators gunning for you.
     Instead of being a child or a wife or a father, the person with a handicap is viewed as a ‘thing.’ Psychopath mutter phrases like ‘he’s like a plant,’ or ‘he’d be better off dead.’ Using such language makes it easier to make the horrendous supposition that the disabled. They can’t see any value to such a life.
      What is the emotional benefit? Ending stress can be the reward. For someone who is tied to those with special needs, the process can be stressful, and for a handful of those relatives or caretakers, distances or out casting is not a preferable actions but to allowing the vindictive to live.
Barriers
  Barriers are obstacles to accessibility and making it difficult, sometimes impossible for people with disabilities to do the things most of us take for granted:  things like going shopping, working, or taking public transit.
      When we think of barriers to accessibility, most of us think of physical barriers - like a person who uses a wheelchair not being able to enter a public building because there is no ramp.
The fact is there are many kinds of barriers. Some are visible. Many are invisible.
Barriers to accessibility
Type of barriers
Examples
Attitudinal barriers are those that discriminate against people with disabilities.
  • thinking that people with disabilities are inferior
  • assuming that a person who has a speech impairment can't understand you
Information or communications barriers happen when a person can't easily understand information.
  • print is too small to read
  • websites that can't be accessed by people who are not able to use a mouse
  • signs that are not clear or easily understood.
Technology barriers occur when a technology can't be modified to support various assistive devices.
  • a website that doesn't support screen-reading software
Organizational barriers are an organization's policies, practices or procedures that discriminate against people with disabilities.
  • a hiring process that is not open to people with disabilities

Architectural and physical barriers are features of buildings or spaces that cause problems for people with disabilities.
  • hallways and doorways that are too narrow for a person using a wheelchair, electric scooter or walker
  • counters that are too high for a person of short stature
  • poor lighting for people with low vision
  • doorknobs that are difficult for people with arthritis to grasp
  • parking spaces that are too narrow for a driver who uses a wheelchair
  • telephones that are not equipped with telecommunications devices for people who are Deaf, deafened or hard of hearing

 Overcoming 


Excerpt with thanks from:
Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP
Wikipedia
 Vincent Labbate, eHow Contributor

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